Conditions We Work With
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
ADHD is a common, yet complex neurocognitive disorder. Worldwide, approximately 7.2% of children under 18 are diagnosed with ADHD. In the United States, recent research indicates that 10–15.5% of school-age children and 4.4% of adults meet criteria for ADHD.
The Three Main Types of ADHD
ADHD presents differently in different people. Understanding the three main types helps clarify why no two people with ADHD look exactly alike.
ADHD, Inattentive Type
Some people mainly experience inattention or difficulty focusing as their primary symptom. Along with difficulty staying organized and following instructions, forgetfulness and getting easily distracted are also commonly observed.
ADHD, Hyperactive/Impulsive Type
Some people can focus well, but are very restless and impulsive. Difficulty sitting still, taking turns, and playing quietly can be challenging. They may also have trouble with interrupting others, talking too much, or blurting things out.
ADHD, Combined Type
Many people experience a combination of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that ranges in severity from mild to severe. This is the most common presentation and is called ADHD, Combined Type.
Severity of Symptoms
As ADHD symptoms affect each person to varying degrees, the DSM-5 now requires professionals diagnosing ADHD to include the severity of the disorder. How severe the disorder is can change with the presentation during a person's lifetime. Clinicians can designate the severity of ADHD as "mild," "moderate," or "severe."
Mild
Few symptoms beyond the required number for diagnosis are present, and symptoms result in minor impairment in social, school, or work settings.
Moderate
Symptoms or functional impairment fall between "mild" and "severe."
Severe
Many symptoms are present beyond the number needed to make a diagnosis; several symptoms are particularly severe; or symptoms result in marked impairment in social, school, or work settings.
As individuals age, their symptoms may lessen, change, or take different forms. Adults who retain some of the symptoms of childhood ADHD, but not all, can be diagnosed as having ADHD in partial remission.
What Causes ADHD?
Researchers continue to study ADHD and its causes. ADHD is commonly inherited from one or both parents. Other factors that have been linked to ADHD include:
- Genetic inheritance from one or both parents
- Brain injury
- Premature birth
- Toxin exposure in early childhood
- Drug exposure and disrupted attachment in infancy
Most people with ADHD are bright and have the potential to be very successful. Some of the world's most accomplished people have been reported to have ADHD. However, if left undiagnosed and untreated, ADHD can increase the risk of academic difficulties, relationship challenges, depression, anxiety, and substance abuse.
ADHD Is Recognized in People of All Ages
To meet criteria for ADHD, symptoms must create difficulties in at least two life areas, be present before age 12, and not be the result of other medical conditions that can mimic ADHD.
Children
Symptoms are often first noticed when children start school. Difficulty staying seated, following instructions, staying organized, or thinking before acting are common signs. Approximately 50% of children with ADHD also meet criteria for a learning disability such as Dyslexia or Dysgraphia.
Adolescents
Symptoms may become more noticeable as academic and social demands increase. Teens may struggle with time management, maintaining friendships, and meeting expectations at school.
Adults
Many adults seek testing when the responsibilities of career and family life make it harder to compensate for ADHD symptoms. Struggling to meet demands at work or home is a common reason adults pursue evaluation.
Girls & Women
ADHD can be more difficult to diagnose in girls, and many do not fit neatly into the three standard types. Girls are more likely to present with inattentive symptoms that are less disruptive and therefore more easily missed.
Treatment Options Are Available
A combination of approaches is usually more successful than any one alone. Treatment is tailored to each person's unique profile, age, and life circumstances.
Behavioral Therapy
Evidence-based strategies to build skills in organization, impulse control, and emotional regulation.
Educational Support
Schools are legally required to make accommodations for students with ADHD when it affects school functioning.
Lifestyle Strategies
Structured routines, exercise, sleep hygiene, and nutrition can meaningfully reduce symptom severity.
Medication Management
Several medications are proven helpful for ADHD. Working closely with a physician who specializes in ADHD is important, as each person responds differently.
For more information, read some of the other articles on ADHD by Hope Springs' clinicians.
Ready to Get Answers?
Hope Springs Behavioral Consultants offers comprehensive ADHD evaluations for children and adults in Iowa City and the surrounding area. Contact us to schedule testing, therapy, or to learn more about your options.
